No tags yet.
NOTE: Because this "cluster" of standards is so big and covers such a wide variety of topics, the topics are broken up into separate pages. Each one has a link to "click HERE" for more detail on that topic within this standard.
TYPES OF MATTER
Element - specific type of atom, most basic form of matter
Compound - two or more elements chemically combined (bonded) in a specific ratio
Mixture - consists of multiple elements or compounds together in the same place but NOT chemically combined
Click HERE for more content on types of matter.
STATES OF MATTER
Solid - particles packed closely together, vibrating in place (Definite Shape, Definite Volume)
Liquid - particles less tightly-packed, flowing freely (Indefinite Shape, Definite Volume)
Gas - particles are very energetic, moving fast and far apart (Indefinite Shape, Indefinite Volume)
Click HERE for more content on states of matter.
ATOMS
Atom - smallest individual particle of a substance, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons - positively-charged sub-atomic particles residing in the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons - neutral (no charge) sub-atomic particles residing in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons - tiny negative sub-atomic particles that orbit the nucleus in the electron cloud
Click HERE for more content on atoms.
ELEMENTS
Element - specific type of atom, determined by the number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic Number - refers to the number of protons in the nucleus
Click HERE for more content on elements.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
The Periodic Table is a tool that scientists use to classify the elements in order to understand their characteristics and make predictions about their interactions.
Periods - horizontal rows of elements on the table
Groups - vertical columns of elements on the periodic table
Elements are organized on the table based on their atomic number (number of protons) horizontally and their number of valence electrons (electrons farthest from the nucleus) vertically. Elements in each group share similar characteristics, meaning that based on an elements location you can predict its properties and interactions with other elements.
Click HERE for more content on the periodic table.
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
Acidity is a chemical property of a substance. It is measured using the pH scale, which is based on the ratio of hydrogen-based ions produced when the substance is in solution with water.
Acid - substance that produces more hydronium (H3O+) ions in solution
Base - substance that produces more hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution
pH scale - measures the ratio of ions produced in solution.
Acids have a pH between 0 and 7, while bases have a pH between 7 and 14. Substances with a pH of 7 are considered "neutral"
Salt - product of a "neutralization reaction" between an acid and a base
Click HERE for more content on acids, bases, and salts.